Expensive optimization problem (EOP) refers to the problem that requires expensive or even unaffordable costs to evaluate candidate solutions, which widely exist in many significant real-world ...
Evolutionary computation encompasses a family of population-based metaheuristic methods inspired by natural evolution. Candidate solutions, encoded as genotypes, undergo iterative cycles of variation ...
Understanding the mutation and evolution of viruses (such as SARS-CoV-2) is crucial for effective public health management and response. Traditional epidemiological models often assume that viral ...